Following recent research calls that highlight the need for a more contextual approach to the study of intellectual capital (IC) that could provide managers with more fine-grained and actionable insights and recommendations, and considering recent concerns regarding the contribution of the marketing function to firm performance in the age of data, this paper aims at analysing how investments in marketing-specific structural capital and relational capital contribute to enhance marketers’ knowledge (i.e., marketing-specific human capital) and lead to superior organizational marketing capabilities (i.e., product, price, place, and promotion) that translate into superior market performance and, ultimately, competitive advantage (i.e., superior financial performance). Based on survey data from 346 Spanish firms over 100 employees and using structural equation modelling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS), we find that both marketing-specific structural and relational capital are positively and strongly related to marketers’ knowledge and that all marketing-specific IC categories (human, structural, and relational) are positively and significantly associated to marketing capabilities. At the same time, capabilities are strongly and positively related to market and financial performance. While marketing-specific structural capital is related to financial performance only indirectly (i.e., via human capital, marketing capabilities, and market performance), human and relational capital are both directly and indirectly related to financial performance. Our findings also reveal what specific knowledge resources within each IC component are the most relevant, thus offering specific guidelines to improve marketing-related resource allocation decisions.