The pharmaceutical industry, characterized by complex manufacturing systems and resource-intensive development cycles, generates significantly higher emissions and waste compared to other sectors—up to 55% more per revenue dollar than the automotive industry. Approximately 30% of raw materials are lost during drug production, highlighting urgent sustainability challenges. In response to growing environmental pressures, this study investigates […]

In the last decades, the concept of cluster has gone through the vast conceptual development, resulting in its various definitions and categories – ‘cognitive clusters’, ‘learning clusters’, ‘creative clusters’, ‘working cluster’, ‘effective cluster’ (Capello & Nijkamp, 2019; Martin & Sunley, 2003; Lagnevic et al., 2004). Despite of their different approaches all above definitions share one […]