Purpose – This paper aims at investigating the possible evolution of the business model of contemporary art galleries in the current international scenario. In the context of global crisis that has seriously affected cultural organizations, especially in Europe, the contemporary art market shows countertrend results. The art market, measured by auction results, has realized and is still realizing good and increasing performance, in terms of general sales and revenues. In particular, contemporary art represents a big business for auction operators, becoming one of the most profitable sectors in the art market. Despite this positive trend, contemporary art galleries are facing a difficult situation. With the exception of a handful of big galleries, many galleries generate only small profits and often they are compelled to close down their business. This apparently contradictory situation is strictly connected to the current business model of contemporary art galleries and underlines the need to rethink them in accordance with innovative ways of creation of social and economic value and fulfilment of a durable financial sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – The methodological approach combines the analysis of the literature with an empirical case study analysis. The goal is to explore the possibility of application of a successful business model in the field of contemporary art galleries. Consistently with this methodological approach, our paper is divided into three parts. In the first part we analyze the contemporary art market and the concept of business model in general, focusing on the current prevailing framework and the analysis of the literature on these subjects. In the second part we analyze a case of one of the most important Italian galleries: Galleria Continua. The in-depth examination of this case study leads to some evidence on the application of business strategy and management tools in the art galleries. More specifically the analysis of the business model of this art gallery is useful to identify a set of best practices . In the third and final part, in the light of what we have developed in the previous parts, we suggest some elements that could form the basis for innovation in the business model for contemporary art galleries. Originality/value – This paper aims at describing the present business model of contemporary art galleries and at proposing a new, sustainable one. In this sense, we think that this paper presents characteristics of originality. Moreover, another aspect of originality lies in the study of the role of an important reality of the cultural and creative sector, the contemporary art galleries. Especially in the Italian national context, the studies on contemporary art galleries are often considered secondary to those on “traditional” cultural organizations (like museums, theatres or heritage sites). Practical implications – The outcomes of the application are linked to the proposal of practical remarks for the evolution and development of business models for contemporary art galleries, as a new tool of creation of economic and social value in the cultural and creative sectors.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose a model for the evaluation of the multidimensional performance of an inter-museum network. It is, in fact, already acknowledged that evaluating the management of a museum-type institution is not easy, as, in order to measure its social and cultural efficacy, qualitative-type indicators are required. For this reason, the use of a fuzzy logic expert system can prove extremely useful since, in the process of evaluating a given phenomenon, it takes account of input variables not only of a quantitative but also of a qualitative kind. Design/ methodology/ approach – Of the many approaches suggested in the literature, this study will focus on the following: internal, user, economic and relational (Sinatra et al., 2002), external (Sollima, 2004). The method of analysis used is based on a model formalised through a fuzzy expert system (FES). The FES are able to merge the capabilities of an expert system to simulate the decision-making process with the vagueness typical of human reasoning, which is present in fuzzy logic. Originality/ value – There is a vast amount of established literature that analyses topics such as management of museum networks and measurement of the economic, cultural and social performance of a particular museum. What is lacking, however, is an analysis of multidimensional performance in the management of a museum network. This study seeks to fill that gap by presenting a proposal for an evaluation model that will allow internal and external stakeholders to assess the multidimensional contribution provided by a complex institution such as a museum network. Practical implications – The definition of the variables that determine the performance of a museum network is the most complex part of this study. In order to identify these variables, a survey of the literature on museum performance was carried out and a questionnaire was administered to a panel of experts working in the field of management of cultural assets and, more specifically, in the museum sector. The measurement model proposed was applied to a standard case study: a museum system comprising a number of museums in the same geographical area.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to discuss the case of Milan “Fuorisalone” (literally “outside the fair”) – now renamed Milano Design Week – as the result of a long-term transformation that led to its current configuration, characterised by a complex business model (Smith, Binns and Tushman, 2010), where many actors and stakeholders interact in a network of cooperation and competition. The paper highlights how this transformation was led by the design culture (Deserti and Rizzo, 2014; Concilio, Deserti and Rizzo, 2014) as a pervasive character of the city. The analysis of the case compares the Milano Design Week business model with the fair business model, focusing on the elements of differentiation and on the scaling up mechanisms. In addition, the comparative analysis provides lessons learnt on: – The ways of combining bottom up initiatives with the overall innovation strategies of the official fair and of the city; – The ways of building and managing the value chains in the field of CCI; – The effectiveness of the scaling up model of the Milano Design Week. Design/methodology/approach – Milano Design Week is presented as a business case study, with the aim of investigating how the multiple actors result in a constellation that coproduce value (Chesbrough and Rosembloom, 2002), representing and diffusing design culture outside its professional community in the larger context of the entire city. The authors conducted a field research, meeting and interviewing some of the actors, as well as a desk research, retrieving documentation on the historical aspects and on the more recent developments of the Milano Design Week. Originality/value – The construction of the Milano Design Week is discussed as a design-driven innovation (Verganti, 2010) and as a long-term strategic action conducted through the use of design thinking (Brown, 2009; Lockwood, 2009; Martin, 2009), that has led to an original business model based on the application of design knowledge and tools. Practical implications – The paper provides a better and detailed understanding of the working dynamics of specific and contextualised solutions for the Milano Design Week, explaining how they have been transferred and/or replicated in different contexts and what impacts they have had on the city.

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze first the notion of creative business models in cultural organizations and then to set the scene to understand the state-of-the art and the adoption of innovative creative business models by investigating a sample of European independent cultural centers. Specifically, this paper aims to provide insights of an ongoing research project in order to support the benchmarking and the adoption of business models for driving the improvement of the value creation mechanisms of European independent cultural centers. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of the 46 independent cultural centers operating in 27 European Countries, the paper provides first information and insights – derived from a qualitative survey administration – about the business, governance and organizational profiles of the sample of the independent cultural centers, as well as their perception and orientation to elaborating, identifying, adopting and managing innovative creative business models and to qualitatively identify a feasible set of resources, assets and behaviors potentially driving market-orientation, performance improvement, competitiveness and sustainability. Originality/value – This paper represents one of the first attempts to investigate at practical level the perception and orientation to elaborating, identifying, adopting and managing innovative business models in cultural centers. Practical implications – Since the approaches, the techniques and the tools for elaborating, implementing and managing specific and tailor-made business models in creative and cultural industries are still crude and often inadequate, great attention is called to analyze and decline specifically the various dimensions of the business model of the cultural organizations according to the theoretical modelling elaborated by academia and practice.

Innovation is a key element of organisational knowledge creation and can be explained as a process in which the organisation creates new knowledge to specific business problems (Nonaka, 1994). Further publications discuss the linkages among big data, analytics, experiential learning connected with executive and managerial decision-making processes in academia and practice (Liebowitz, 2014). In light of this, the increasing importance of process complexity within organisations can be seen as an on-going challenge. This implicates new ways of company specific knowledge creation. Although knowledge creation is widely discussed within KM literature, relatively little attention has been paid to business process complexity linked with process knowledge, process innovation and ways to deal with it. Business process complexity impacts process costs, process quality and process effectiveness within organisations. Business process complexity interacts with employees’ individual and detailed business process knowledge. This leads to different areas of interdependencies: firstly, the flow of business process creation between organisational procedures and employees` knowledge, secondly, how to deal with business process complexity, and thirdly, how to link employees’ business process knowledge and business process complexity for its effective application. This study applies a mainly qualitative research approach. It uses interviews for analysing complexity, and measures complexity based on process data within the billing processes at Fraport AG. Aim is to demonstrate interdependencies among complexity, processes, knowledge creation and innovation. The findings reveal significant interdependencies among tacit and explicit knowledge creation, such as business process content, complexity increase and decrease effects, complexity drivers and business process descriptions. It shows, that the increasing growth of business products requests an all-embracing treatment of KM and business processes to achieve innovative goals and to handle with process complexity.

Purpose – What new empirical implications can emerge in organizational learning by adopting a multi-level co-evolutionary theoretical perspective? Management studies usually assume that business processes change primarily as a consequence of top management teams’ decisions. By integrating both micro- and macro- level evolution and incorporating multiple level of analysis, this paper aims at shedding lights on new empirical methods in business processes’ exploitation and knowledge transfer. In order to open business processes’ black box a shift from the conventional routine-as-entity view to the “practice” view of routines is required. The latter theoretical approach focuses on routines’ enactment and dynamics on a day-to-day basis providing an explanation on how processes are produced and reproduced over time. The practice view also implies that knowledge is not a static entity given the continuous interrelationship between and within the different levels of the organization. In particular the “habit-individual” represents our micro-level of analysis while the “routine-group” and “routine-organization” constitute our higher levels of investigation. Design/methodology/approach – To answer the research question the paper has been designed as a narrative case study. Assuming both the practice-based view and the multi-level co-evolution lenses, we applied an agent-based model to a real company operating in the service industry adopting a longitudinal analysis approach consisting exclusively of primary data. Originality/value – The methodological approach followed allows us to validate with a real case study the hypotheses and conjectures embedded in the computational model defined. Indeed while a number of scholars have developed conceptual models of business processes’ evolution, few of these attempted to validate their results using actual data from organizations. The difficulty relies to the choice of the variable used to depict organizational change and knowledge transfer. Routines’ variation while consistent with the entity view of firm evolution, provides only a partial interpretation of the underlying phenomenon. The longitudinal approach followed in this work, on the other hand, gives the opportunity to unpack the complexity behind emergence, development and extinction of business processes over time. Practical implications – Main results suggest that the degree of managerial control exerted, the feedback scheme applied and group interactions’ mechanisms are the main determinants behind business processes’ exploitation and knowledge reproduction.

Business Intelligence (BI) has the potential to disrupt the processes through which healthcare services are offered by healthcare agents. Despite this key role, most healthcare organisations fail in extending BI suites from the pilot niches in which these digital solutions are usually developed and tested to larger domains. In fact, healthcare practitioners lack comprehensive models suggesting the priorities to be followed in the progressive development of a BI solution. This paper aims to start filling these gaps by developing a model through which: (i) to measure and increase the maturity of BI solutions within healthcare organisations; (ii) enable extensive processes of benchmarking and continuous improvement. Purpose – To enable extensive processes of benchmarking and continuous improvement in healthcare organisations. Design/methodology/approach – In order to accomplish the paper’s goals we built upon a Clinical Inquiry Research, a well-defined collaborative form of research. Originality/value – we captured the relationships among the components of the BI solution (especially those among different development areas)—depicting the different interactions in terms of interdependencies and synergies to be leveraged for successfully extending BI solutions to larger domains. Practical implications – The development of the BI maturity model and the relative assessing questionnaire, which are specific for the healthcare industry.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze planned behavior theory (PBT) of in the female segment of students to identify variables that influence the decision to acquire an intelligent telephone. Methodology – The study was applied to 384 students of the University of Guadalajara, performing statistical analysis using SPSS, and to determine the feasibility of the Cronbach’ s Alpha. The questionnaire was validated with Exploratory Factor Analysis with the factorization method and maximum likelihood method Rotation is using the Varimax. Bartlett’s Sphericity Test and Kaiser Meyer Olkin’s (KMO) Measure were performed. Structural equation model with EQS was chosen to test the reliability of planned behavior models and model values. The questionnaire is based on two previous studies; the first one was developed by Linan and Chen (2009) and adjusted with the second tool to contrast, by Cornelius, Gallani, Godin, Rodrigues, and Nadruz (2009). Originality/value – PBT, Ajzen (1985) defines intention in terms of trying to engage in a particular behavior in relation to the current behavior. Is that when trying to modify a behavior is experiencing another intention. (PBT), (Schifter and Ajzen, 1985) contains several variables that influence behavioral intention, and these are: attitude, subjective norm and perceived control. Practical implications – In Mexico there are no studies that have applied PBT, so that the results can be very valuable for the development of business strategies. Being able to identify factors that influence the final decision making, provides a tool for reducing both costs and effort and makes accurate decisions. A good application of the PBT favors business competitiveness.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new paradigm for innovation, based on the multifield theory of organizational knowledge and on the entropic model of the organizational intellectual capital. In this new perspective, organizational culture is one of the nonlinear integrators that contributes directly to the transformation of the potential innovation capital into the operational innovation capital. Design/methodology/approach – My approach is based on a metaphorical interpretation of knowledge and intellectual capital as being organizational fields, and by considering the hypothesis of thermodynamic transformation of the potential of innovation capital into the operational innovation capital, which is generating through the innovation process a competitive advantage. That means a conceptual analysis supported by a literature search and adopting an entropic perspective. The great majority of knowledge and intellectual capital interpretations are based on metaphors that use a Newtonian perspective. Based on the new thermodynamic paradigm I propose a new interpretation of knowledge and intellectual capital as fields, which constitutes a better representation of their intangible nature. Also, by using the theory of nonlinear integrators, I can evidence the role of organizational culture in promoting innovation. Organizational culture is not a simple key success factor but a nonlinear integrator able to influence both the inputs and outputs of the innovation process. Originality/value – The proposed entropic model of innovation is based on the previous research of metaphorical analysis of knowledge and intellectual capital, and it is integrated into a more general perspective of thermodynamic transformations of the potential of innovation capital into the operational innovation capital through the work of nonlinear integrators. Cultural values play an important role in creating a shared vision and a successful corporate strategic thinking. Practical implications – The proposed entropic model of innovation contributes to a better understanding of the innovation process within the organizational intellectual capital, and allows new interpretations for the entropic transformations of rational, emotional, and spiritual knowledge and intellectual capital from one form into another. Also, managers can understand better the role played by organizational culture as a nonlinear integrator in stimulating innovation.

Purpose – The importance of culture in contemporary society is steadily increasing; people are paying attention to issues like cultural heritage, values, cultural products and cultural development more and more. Each of these is connected with spiritual, emotional and cognitive knowledge although the studies that have been developed so far neglect the relationship between knowledge management and cultural management. Therefore, we aim to determine the main barriers that appear in the process of knowledge sharing in the cultural organizations from Romania. How is the process of knowledge sharing developed? What barriers interfere? How do the cultural entrepreneurs deal with them? Design/methodology/approach – We propose an exploratory research, based on an ethical and qualitative approach in which we combine the results of a comprehensive literature review with the ones generated by a structured interview. The literature review focuses on the articles published in Scopus, Emerald, EBSCO, ProQuest and Sage databases. The results serve as a starting point in developing an interview guide for the Romanian cultural entrepreneurs who represent our research population. Then, we present interviews conducted with 8 representatives of Romanian public and private cultural organizations (managers, employees and entrepreneurs). We aim to determine how they are sharing their knowledge inside and outside their organization’s boundaries and what are the institutional and cultural obstacles that they have to overcome. Data collected are processed using Nvivo software and research techniques like systematization and tabling are applied. Originality/value – This methodology focuses on the main cultural and institutional obstacles which Romanian cultural entrepreneurs have to overcome in order to share their knowledge inside and outside organization’s boundaries. Practical implications – The outcomes of the application have both theoretical and practical implications. On one hand, we propose a nexus between knowledge management and cultural organizations. Knowledge creation, sharing and use seem to be ignored by researchers from the field of cultural entrepreneurship. Therefore, by bringing the obstacles that interfere in the process of knowledge sharing from the cultural organizations to the forefront we extend theory from both fields of research: knowledge management and cultural management. On the other hand, we facilitate the development of cultural organizations by monitoring their practices and signalling the challenges they face regarding knowledge management.

Purpose – Italy can boast a huge cultural and natural heritage but often due to lack of resources and to management dysfunctions, many sites are abandoned. Traditionally, the model of heritage management is public, but in recent years the involvement of private profit-making enterprises increased. However, private has naturally tended to focus on the more attractive “blockbuster sites”, leaving Italy’s extraordinarily widespread cultural heritage unprotected. Our work intend to contribute to this field of study by focusing on the emergence of a new logic in the cultural heritage field. Through a case study analysis we would describe the emergence of a new logic in the Italian cultural heritage field. Design/Methodology/Approach – Our research deals with projects and initiatives aimed at protecting and promoting the widespread cultural and natural heritage which has been re-functionalised, preserved and made accessible to local communities and visitors. These initiatives have applied the concepts of social innovation to the management of cultural field. The research is based on a qualitative investigation using the case study approach. The collection of empirical data is carried out using a heterogeneous plurality of instruments. The methods include: document analysis, semi-structured interviews and participant observations. Originality/value – The Italian cultural heritage is characterized by two coexistent logics: the conservation logic and the market logic. These logics did not allow the establishment of models for the efficient and effective management of cultural heritage. We can identify a new emerging logic in this field. The participation logic is the way to find new models to manage social issues. Indeed it takes shape in the context of social innovation initiatives. Social innovation could fill the gap of welfare state fulfilling the social need to promote cultural and creative initiatives. Practical implications – Downstream of the first phase of research we have defined the characteristics of social innovation initiatives related to the cultural heritage. We can, therefore, make a mapping of the organizations that respond to those characteristics. In addition to this, the research aim to identify the economic impact of the social innovation initiatives object of study in term of people employed, type of contract, amount of resources necessary for sustainability, impact on community and territory. It could become an important tool for policy makers to promote and develop new initiatives.

Purpose – In recent years, youth unemployment has increased very quickly and intensely in Portugal, namely regarding the higher education qualified workforce. This scenario, in addition to the existing poor statistics that reflects this phenomenon were the switch for this pioneering research in Portugal that aims to discuss and to understand the outlines of this highly qualified migration; and to test the comprehensive power of the theses on which brain drain has been analysed: the model of the Exodus vs the model of the Diaspora. Design/methodology/approach – The research strategy is suitable to the characteristics of an exploratory study that allows to enunciate questions and hypotheses that can be studied in later steps of the research. Articulating an extensive research with an in-depth analysis we seek to identify the subjectivity of the direct actors of emigration in some of its main working contexts. We use a mixed strategy which makes use of multilateral technical quantitative and qualitative data collection: questionnaire surveys; life stories; and interviews with focus groups. Originality/value – This is a pioneering study in Portugal with relevant information for higher education institutions and policy makers. The study puts in evidence the importance of higher education institutions and policy makers learn from the results and testimonies collected. Furthermore, this research will contribute to a better understanding of the brain drain, helping to fill a gap in migration studies. Practical implications – From a practical point of view, the findings from the questionnaire, applied to a sample of skilled Portuguese emigrants in Europe, will allow to know the socio-economic and cultural background of these graduates; the reasons that led them to emigrate: the reasons that would make or not make them to return to Portugal; its employment status, career and remuneration in the host country; among others. All these results are supplemented by interviews with a wide range of interviewed, drawing a set of life stories.

Purpose – the aim of this paper is to conceptually define knowledge, innovation and technology to establish a schematic approach to the relationships that this triad maintains and their impact on entrepreneurship and social innovation, particularly in Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – I propose an approach based on organizational studies, with a holistic point of view. I review conceptual proposals about knowledge, innovation and technology from philosophy, knowledge sociology and economy to suggest an integral view about relationships between these concepts in management, especially in entrepreneurship in Mexico. Originality/value – This methodology reveals the improper use of concepts like knowledge, innovation and technology in entrepreneurship. Currently the literature in management emphasizes innovation as a magic formula for social progress, but in developing countries like Mexico that situation is very complicated. Practical implications – The outcomes of the application is to develop a framework to propose a new methodology for understanding innovation and technology in Mexico.

Purpose – This paper aims to depict many-to-many innovation conceptualizations (Lundvall, 2007), in order to understand which are the most relevant features theorized as leading to the expected results on the basis of what scholars described in their researches. When scanning literature, it is possible to observe that the growing interest for the topic led to the definition of different innovation labels as those analysed in the present research, namely ‘system innovation’, ‘network innovation’ and ‘ecosystem innovation’. In order to pinpoint common and different elements in the three literature contexts, we performed a bibliometric analysis on a database built through scholars contributions. Design/methodology/approach – The wide literature on innovation has been collected through three different perspectives, leading to a set composed by more than 19.000 contributions. We chose a bibliometric approach (Callon, 1986) to analyse this wide set of literature and we investigated the keywords provided by authors through a double-step co-word (He, 1999). The first part gave us the chance to examine the whole set, and then we had the opportunity to compare the sub-sets related to the three different perspectives, in order to acquire a better understanding of the elements linking contributions on innovation. Originality/value – Literature on innovation is huge (Chesbrough, 2006) – even through contributions arising by combining different fields of science –, but an analysis about the evolution of this topic is missing, especially by taking into account the contexts of innovation. Nowadays, innovation is becoming more and more open than in the past, hence a better understanding of the theoretical evolution of innovation contexts can be helpful to investigate the emerging contributions and framing them in line with what scholars did in last decades. implications – The investigation performed led us to make theoretical contributions, namely to highlight the relevance of management, as an activity needed to get out the best from open context, especially as it concerns knowledge. Moreover, the role of strategy had a decreasing relevance when moving from system to network to ecosystem literature, while it is the opposite for technological features as they emerge in the three contexts of innovation and in direct relation with knowledge.

Recent research in organisation science and knowledge management has increasingly focused on spatial support for knowledge-intensive forms of work. New typologies like coworking spaces, fablabs and open maker spaces indicate that breakthrough ideas may appear in spaces which facilitate creativity and innovation through design features. However, there are no rigorous studies nor methodological frameworks that bring together aspects of spatial design with organisational output. – Addressing this demand, the paper presents the methodology for the living lab experiment with the so-called Innovation Shed (iSheds) – a number of small work spaces that were purposefully implemented on TU Dresden campus to probe the influence of spatial environment on knowledge work performance in the field of scientific research. Referring to research in work psychology and environmental psychology, the article discusses the theoretical background for the ongoing experiment and introduces the factors of ‘sense of belonging’ and ‘personal control’ as key influences on worker´s performance, satisfaction, and commitment. Hypothesis is that factors can be directly related and influenced by architectural and environmental qualities – thus opening up a methodical path how to impact knowledge work through appropriately designed work environments.

Joint action and knowledge sharing are fundamental aspects of business model innovation (BMI) for businesses to meet the complex BMI agenda of today; for example, think about 12 independent businesses jointly innovating on the establishment of a new concept of a balanced energy plant project where the businesses have to work in symbioses from the very first moment and further 8 independent business collaborative innovation on the establishment of a new BMI incubator platform. Yet, cognitive science and best practice tools have had little to say on this topic because for many years perception, action, and cognition have been studied without taking their role in social interaction related to BMI seriously. However the establishment of a “room” for social BMI interaction is essential at the very first moment of the meeting between the involved participants – who often are different and unknown to each other. It lays the fundament for knowledge sharing and learning to the BMI project – and the ground for whether the BMI project will succeed and even be implemented. The paper aims to understand the cognitive mechanisms “at the very first moment of the BMI process” supporting participants’ ability and motivation to act together with each other in the BMI projects. The paper address knowledge sharing and learning in high risk and sensitive areas of BMI – where business open their core business, core BM and core competences – and expects trust. The paper provides 2 case studies in 2 different BM projects and BM ecosystems. The research methodology was case research carried out from 2007 to 2015. This paper puts in evidence different understandings related to cognitive mechanisms “at the very first moment of the BMI meeting” between business in BMI projects. The paper seeks to give more understanding of how to support BMI participants’ ability to act together with each other in BMI projects addressing the question How to increase and “speed up” the first moment motivation to achieve knowledge sharing in critical and risky BMI projects? There has not been much research on the cognitive processes and how to establish “room for BMI knowledge sharing” at the very first moment of complex and risky BMI project. This study extends recent stream of BMI research indicating that facilitation and the ability to establish a trusted and secure knowledge and learning sharing BMI platform at the very first moment may be a useful tool for managing BM risk and improving speed in BMI projects. Moving fast along the learning curve in the first moment seems to require some very special arrangement especially when BMI takes place in strategic critical areas. Although initial adoption of early involvement was intended to reduce costs – both in short and long term perspective, results indicated that early involvement serves to reduce perceptions of BMI risk at the businesses involved. The paper illustrates what is at stake and needed for business to exchange knowledge in BMI projects that are complex, are risky and that involves BM´s that are core and strategic to their business.

This paper reviews the results of an international expert workshop (SynCity2014), which searched for a new reading of the term “Smart City” paradigm from two specific perspectives: 1) creativity, 2) synchronisation of systems. On that background it compares creative smart city solutions for smart city logistics, public participation, urban simulations, and monitoring. Issues such as methodology, techniques, and instruments like multi-criteria analysis, multi-agent modelling, and technological foresight (backcasting) are presented and discussed.

Purpose: understanding the growth (and decline in some cases) of solar PV geographic clusters Design/methodology/approach: a theoretical discussion, data collection and analysis Originality: no study has tried to understand solar PV clusters Practical implications: some tentative policies to create solar PV clusters (i.e. Australia, Germany) have failed, and billions of dollars and Euros dilapidated. The dynamics of solar PV clusters needs to be understood.

Purpose – The management of innovation through spin-off enterprises represents one of the many strategies adopted by universities within the framework of the third mission activities. Previous studies showed that these companies, though characterized by a higher level of innovation, continue to struggle to survive and grow (Lindholm 1997; Lejpras and Stephan 2009; Balderi et al. 2011). Only recently, the survival of enterprises and their performance have increased qualitatively and quantitatively. Main objective of the present contribution is to identify all possible factors positively influencing performance, and to draw the directions of the performance development. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used for the analysis of the existing literature is based on the Systematic Review (Cook et al., 1997; Staples and Mahmood; 2007; Abatecola et al. 2011). This approach uses a revision process that allows the analysis of what has been studied and produced in literature so far, introducing a rigorous critical methodology (Tranfield et al., 2003).We use here the database EBSCOhost, and we reviewed a dataset of 108 articles to judge the respect of relevance and quality parameters, using the approach “fit for purpose” (Boaz et al., 2003). Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature on spin-off performance reviews, in particular the capacity of intellectual capital to maximize the value for the enterprise (Kujansivu 2009) and resulting in positive performance. The analysis has led to the identification of 9 variables:(a) Incubation phase and support; (b) Knowledge and competencies; (c) Funding; (d) Geographical location; (e) Network e Partnership; (f) Size; (g) Responsibility and trust; (h) Innovation and novelty; (i) Motivation. Practical implications – This study encourages further investigation on intellectual capital on academic or university spin-off. Also, it provides some guidelines for researchers, organizations and institutions that are willing to invest on or manage innovation and intellectual capital within the enterprise.

Purpose- Globalized economy , demand for small and medium businesses faces a number of challenges to keep the levels of global competitiveness , being among the incorporation leading and use technology to increase growth , productive and competitive development , so that in developing these technological processes inside, you can get the same benefits as part of their social responsibility.Therefore, this research focuses on the analysis of the relationship between technology and benefits of social responsibility in SMEs in the manufacturing sector in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – Literature reviewed focuses on the basics of matter as competitiveness, technology and social responsibility. The study has a quantitative approach and explores the relationship between the variables of social responsibility, technology and competitiveness in manufacturing SMEs in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, through a survey of 418 SMEs which is the subject of study. The questionnaire was designed to obtain a profile of entrepreneurs and their organizations, and consist of two blocks as competitiveness and social responsibility, which contains a total of 37 reagents and reliability come through Cronbach’s alpha 0.900. The frequencies were obtained by the test of sphericity characterization of entrepreneurs, factor analysis was applied to the correlation of variables and finally the analysis of variance for hypothesis testing was performed. Originality/value – Methodology allows to analyze the correlation between competitiveness variable: technology and social responsibility variable: benefits in manufacturing SMEs to which we applied the study. Practical implications – Results show that the fact of using technology in manufacturing industries analyzed , they generate a positive benefit within the social responsibility element, which provides guidelines for developing strategies that benefit competitively these organizations , further economic development is achieved and productive and thus contribute to a sense of social responsibility.