The aim of this article is to examine design thinking from the perspective of social systems theory and interpret it as a way in which organizational systems may cope with the complexity of their social environment. The theoretical basis for this article is Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems (1995) and its more recent interpretations (Valentinov 2014a, 2014b) highlighting the precarious nature of the system-environment relationship. The specificity of complexity in user-centered design processes is characterized and design thinking methodology is analysed as providing means to meet the critical systemic requirements to reduce complexity but also remain sensitive to the critical aspects of environment. The theoretical argument is outlined and illustrated by the analysis of design thinking methodologies, frameworks and tools as presented in popular design thinking ‘guides’/’manuals’. The value of this article is that it emphasizes the role of systemic aspects of knowledge production and management within design processes. It allows to see design thinking processes as conditioned by the relationship between organizational system and its environment. The proposed interpretation may also be useful in terms of further development of design thinking methodologies and tools as well as adaptation of design thinking in areas lying outside traditional design.

Nowadays, the role and importance of product and industrial design in marketing activity can be considered a key for the creative act of defining a product’s features. Over the years an increasing number of manufacturers incorporated product and industrial design in their product development process in order to keep their competitive position on the marketplace. The empirical data incorporated in this study are based on a questionnaire that was given to students during face-to-face marketing seminars. Students are undergoing a marketing bachelor’s program and they are in their first or third year of study. The key question raised at this point is: What is the role of product and industrial design in product’s development process, what is the role of the aesthetic emotion? The research approach used emphasizes the role of product and industrial design in the product’s development process. It was found that the product development process is a creative process that should focus on aesthetic emotion. This methodology highlighted the role and importance of product and industrial design in the production process. The main objectives of the study are: 1).highlighting the importance of product and industrial design in marketing activity; 2).presenting the most important factors that influence the consumer’s buying behavior; 3). analyzing marketing research results that emphasize to what extent product design and aesthetic emotion influence the buying process. The outcomes of the application underline the importance of integrating product and industrial design as well as aesthetic emotion in product development process. The topic of the paper is popular and has potential for future research as in contemporary context consumers’ needs are more and more sophisticated. They want sophisticated products in order to satisfy their needs.

The paper presents the results of the study aimed to identify the differentiation of knowledge management (KM) methods and tools depending on the certain knowledge domain. Identification and systematization of KM methods and tools was initially based on the literature review. Specifics of KM for several domains were studied using surveys, case study and interviews. New methods for the selected domains were developed with the help of design science research methodology. Then the results were discussed and reviewed through the interviews with KM experts during several international conferences. This research puts in evidence on the issue of KM methods suitable for the particular knowledge domain and type. The KM tools and methods are classified into universal, multidomain (for example, communities of practice, libraries or knowledge bases, banks of ideas), and domain-specific. Systematization of universal KM tools and methods is based on the stages of knowledge transformation process (knowledge life cycle). Domain-specific KM tools and methods are structured according to the areas of knowledge identified on the generalized knowledge map. The research focuses on a number of domains (customer knowledge, knowledge of the product / service, knowledge in operational and strategic management, knowledge for the production and design of products / services), and industries (oil and gas, software development, in the field of enterprise management). The study of KM tools and methods in different domains allowed classifying tools and methods into following groups: 1) tools and methods that were originally designed to solve problems in a certain domain; 2) tools and methods that were originally designed to work with information [+ staff practices + management practices] in a certain domain and consequently expanded to other KM domains; 3) tools and methods that actually solve KM tasks in a certain domain, but are not called KM tools. Described in the study interrelations between knowledge domains, KM methods and tools may help knowledge managers to select а proper method/tool for their business tasks. Tools and methods that actually solve KM tasks in a certain domain, but are not called KM tools; enrich the set of KM methods and tools for further research.

The current work aims to provide a methodology for designing and implementing gamified applications in a variety of domains. To formally support the design of such gamification applications we analyse player’s game actions, stored in big log files. For this, we use the sequential pattern matching technique to discover, extract, and finally predict behavioural patterns in terms of dynamically generated knowledge processes and patterns. The first phase of our work is the design of a methodology that will integrate all levels of data produced during gamification processes, focusing in transforming elementary raw data into high level knowledge, with added value to be used in further elaborations and new designs of applications on similar domains. We use sequential pattern mining to analyse game player’s actions, stored in big log files. For sequential pattern mining EURISKO methodology uses Process Extraction via Association Rules, based on the Apriori algorithm (GSP version). Software tools, were developed and used to discover meaningful sequential patterns in an automated way. EURISKO demonstrates achievement of the objective of using sequential pattern matching process to discover patterns occurring in sequence to be used in prediction of future events generating similar knowledge underlying processes. Processes are used in a variety of domains, where a prerequisite is the use of a gamified application layer, therefore are applicable to extraction and discovery for user analysis behaviour and prediction. We differentiate from other big data methodologies focusing only in an event level perspective by not going further into associating the existence and weight of events into predictive processes related to them. The outcomes of the application of the EURISKO methodology, are applicable in a diverse number of domains. Furthermore, the impact of adopting the EURISKO methodology is the introduction of the automated process, minimizing human intervention and saving time in the process of association of appearing underlying processes, something that used to be more on a manual manner than an automated one. Hence, the implication on practical issues can be achieved in any software gamified system that produces and is based on such big log files that our methodology uses.

There is evidence that small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) do not manage knowledge the same way as large firms, and that they approach knowledge management (KM) in various ways. However, the literature on this topic is still scarce and fragmented. In order to fill this gap, the paper aims to single out and discuss the different features that characterize the approaches to KM adopted by small companies. The paper examines the KM approaches followed by companies of various KIBS sectors in 4 countries (Italy, Poland, Spain, and Romania) as they emerge from the findings of a quantitative survey which involved 223 small KIBS firms. KIBS companies were investigated because knowledge and its management are their distinctive elements, as highlighted in past studies. The study confirms that small KIBS firms regard knowledge as a key competitive resource, and transferring/sharing knowledge is a key KM process. However, their approaches to KM are firm-specific and differ in several aspects, e.g.: number and kind of adopted KM practices; motivation and promoters of implementation; obstacles encountered in introduction; strategic and operational aims of such practices; level of formalisation and use in the company. Despite this variety, some regularities also emerge: the study shows that companies that implement KM activities as a response to knowledge-related problems coming from the daily practice follow a substantially different approach from those that implement them after a strategic analysis by the management. The paper contributes to a better understanding of KM strategies followed by small KIBS companies with a diversified number of employees and belonging to different sectors. Also, it provides an evidence-based survey of different countries, which helps to highlight regularities in KM approaches even across multiple national contexts. The study provides useful insights into possible KM approaches in the KIBS sector; also, it contributes to a better understanding of KM in small enterprises in general. This can be of use to company executives for revising their KM approach, for implementing more suitable strategies in their organizational settings and, more generally, for developing awareness of KM-related problems and possible solutions. At this stage, the study encompasses a descriptive examination of the data gathered by the investigation. This will serve as a preliminary basis for a further and more sophisticated analysis which is currently underway.

In general scholars agree on the high importance of considering emotional aspects of interactions in design (e.g. Norman, 2004; Ross and Wensveen, 2010; Shusterman, 2000). As such design is particularly considering the aesthetic experience dimensions of objects, services and systems. In the context of digitally transformed realities, aesthetic experience can be described as a complex unit “consisting of individual parts that fuse into new elements as the experience proceeds” (Puolakka, 2014). When it comes describing the aesthetic in relation to products in the context of digital transformation, scholarly literature however constitutes a fragmented body of literature. By providing a systematic literature review on extant scholarly work, this paper aims at providing a better understanding of contemporary notions of aesthetic. We demonstrate how developing an understanding of aesthetic experience of knowledge management, is also about proposing up a new discipline, which explores poetic of digital systems theoretically and also in experiments in- and with digital systems. Design can play a role in contributing principles of exploration.

Whereas innovation and strategy theory traditionally have been treated as two separate fields of expertise and research, this conceptual paper seeks to explore how these two fields have been interlinked in recent high-level research. Innovation research seeks to explain the process of creating new products and services. On the contrary, strategy research aims to explain how businesses create lasting competitive advantages. During the 1990s and 2000s, strategy scholars gained an increased interest in explaining how organizational capabilities and environmental turbulence are related, increasingly recognizing that it is difficult to retain sustainable competitive advantages, unless market dynamics and business renewal is addressed. Still, innovation activities largely remains outside the strategy theory domain. Therefore, a clear understanding of how strategy theory can be extended with core properties from innovation literature is needed, but still limited. Indeed, current research calls for an improved understanding of the link between strategy and innovation. To establish a systematic integration and analysis we ask: To what degree and how have strategy and innovation been linked in leading management journals? To establish a systematic integration and analysis we present the results of an extensive literature review of 1268 research articles published in the top strategy and innovation journals during 2007-2017 to address the question: To what degree and how have strategy and innovation been linked in leading management journals? Our analysis reveals that research addressing both strategy and innovation is limited, but highly cited. Moreover, we identify 5 main themes, which in turn reflected 12 subsidiary areas addressed in extant research. These themes give important insight about what has been done and can serve as baseline for future research. The paper builds a foundation for further integration of strategy and innovation theory. The conclusions of the conceptual discussion indicated that fusing core properties of strategy theory with recent ideas from innovation theory is both obtainable, and prudent. The paper presents an overview of existing research and shows that while some work has been done, there is extensive need for further development in most modern economies, where innovation is a key driver of competitive advantage. The paper develops an important theoretical baseline that organizations can use in approaching their innovation efforts. In particular, it shows that the theoretical link between strategy and innovation at the firm level largely is based on business models and disruption. Thus, in order to approach innovation efforts these tools and theories are essential for firms to think about.

This article addresses fundamental knowledge of the Back-End of the Coffee Agribusiness System that can influence the final quality of the product, integrating the areas of agronomy, medicine and business. The representation will be made through an ontology that will contribute to clarifying for the scientific community the possible impacts of the use of coffee with compromised qualities in clinical research as well as informing and educating consumers with regard to coffee choice. Six steps were followed 1) Targeted search; 2) Literature review; 3) Systematic search in the target interest of the three areas of literature: agronomy, medicine and business; 4) Field research through six semi-structured interviews with the purpose of validating the research problem; 5) Organisation of knowledge with the aim of forming a common knowledge base as a starting point for ontology and 6) Ontology development. Coffee is one of the most researched substances in the world. There are more than 25,000 scientific articles published just from the clinical point of view (Illy, 2016), but little is available integrating results from clinical research, agronomy and management. Improvements in coffee quality could be developed with the knowledge integration of these areas. The Specialty Coffee Agribusiness System Knowledge Representation will improve subsidies funding for the scientific community because of the importance of using good quality coffee in clinical research. It will also guide professionals in the coffee agribusiness system to produce better quality coffee and offer a common vocabulary for the principal properties and influences during the Back-End process for researchers in the three areas.

This paper aims to analyze sustainability practices in organizations. Specifically, the paper aims to: (i) develop a framework of key performance indicators for assessing and mapping sustainability practices of companies in a standardized form; (ii) explore which sustainability practices do companies report; (iii) explore the differences in sustainability practices between small and medium-sized enterprises and large organizations. Data for this study have been collected by means of secondary sources (i.e. companies’ websites and reports). Overall, 2,000 companies have been assessed based on the sustainability framework that has been developed, thus providing an unprecedented source of information for exploring and researching sustainability practices in organizations. Our results contribute to the debate on sustainability reporting and disclosure in different ways. The first methodological contribution consists in the development of a measurement framework that builds on existing sustainability frameworks designed mainly for large public organizations, but appropriately adapted to SMEs. The second contribution refers to the analysis of sustainability practices by comparing SMEs and LEs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares SMEs and LEs by using such a large amount of data, thus detailing whether “size matters” when it comes to embed sustainability into organizational processes

The number of internet users in Indonesia amounted to 104.96 million people in 2017, with an online penetration in the country at over 50 percent of the population. This number is expected to reach 133.39 million by 2021. Added to the fact that Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands it can thus be conceived that the development e-Government systems would give a major boost the effective and efficient delivery of public services. Unfortunately, Indonesia’s ranking in the United Nation’s e-Government Development Index has consistently declined since 2003 until 2016. This should be a warning sign for the government, and this paper reviews the challenges that have been plaguing e-Government systems at various governmental levels in Indonesia with the intention to provide a starting point to systematically address these challenges. The last section of the paper reports a case study of the management and challenges in the implementation of e-Government in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and provides a review of the stages of development of e-Government services provided by the province. Yogyakarta is densely populated by students and has among the highest percentage of computer and internet literate citizens in the country, and thus should has a high potential for the optimum use of e-Government systems. This paper is a descriptive qualitative study which provides a review of the literature to discuss the development and progress of e-government in Indonesia and track the challenges in implementing e-government throughout the years, and provides a case study of the e-government in the Special Region of Yogyakarta based on a focus group discussion with government officials from the Department of Transportation, Communication, and Information (DTCI) and an online review of the stages of evolution of the e-government systems implemented by the regional government. The paper compiles the challenges of e-government implementation in Indonesia at the national and regional levels, and reports the specific challenges in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , and will be valuable for the planning and development of e-government systems in other regions. The lessons learned from the analysis may serve as feedback for the development, improvement, and refinement of e-government road maps.

The demand for supporting organizational decision-making has expanded from traditional industries also to the healthcare sector, covering not only the clinical side, but also the organizational level and its’ decision-making processes. Utilization of Business Intelligence (BI) and BI-tools can bring significant benefits in supporting organizational decision-making. Also, the private healthcare sector is seeking to improve their understanding of business processes to be able to improve their performance. The aim of this paper is to study the future potential of BI and BI-tool utilization in the private healthcare. The four evolution stages of IC enriched by managerial data-driven approach are used as a framework to point out the future potential of BI-tool utilization in the private healthcare sector. The research includes private healthcare organizations, BI-vendors and management consultants in Finland. The empirical data was collected during 2017. In total thirty thematic interviews of key-personnel responsible for BI were conducted, to gain understanding on the future potential of BI in the Finnish private healthcare industry. Data-driven decision-making and seeking for new business opportunities are currently one of the most discussed topics in the private healthcare sector. This study is putting together the components of IC and the future potential of BI and BI-tool utilization in the private healthcare sector. By identifying the future opportunities of BI, we gain better understanding on the role of IC components and BI in creating potential for new business for the private healthcare. The suggested approach has significant novelty value in the context of a Finnish private healthcare. There are two practical outcomes of this study. The first outcome will provide understanding on role of IC components in the future BI and BI-tool utilization. The second outcome of this research provides valuable insight into the future potential of BI in the private healthcare sector. This study will provide understanding on IC components role of the future BI, also providing valuable insight into the future of BI-tool utilization in the private healthcare sector, furthermore creating the potential for new business practices.

This work aims to improve the accuracy of the waiting times prediction in ED, by incorporating queue variables enabled by process mining that capture the crowding of the activities inside the ED. By undertaking process mining, it is possible to gain insights into the hospital processes extracting the entire patient-flow and the queueing-related information (e.g., activity occurrence, sojourn timestamp, etc.). Enriching the set of possible predictors with queue-based variables may result in better prediction models. We determined a set of candidate predictor variables from the data, according to literature review and process analysis. Alongside the traditional features that influence waiting time in ED (patient, temporal and staff-based variables), we developed a new queue-based predictor that measure the queue for each ED activity, exploiting the event log and the patient-flows. Then, we implemented and tested three data mining techniques according to this set of predictors, to forecast the waiting time in ED. In this work, we used real data from an Italian Emergency Department. We innovatively derive the queue-based predictors, exploiting the process mining approach. Specifically, we started discovering the process model from the event log using process mining tools. The discovered process map allowed to obtain in-depth information about the structure of the process, the main patient-flows, the frequency and duration of activities. Exploiting such information, we were able to measure the queue of patients in front of each activity inside the process at any point in time. The paper can provide some practical indications both for patients and hospital managers. Providing patients with accurate waiting time information positively affect their behaviour by increasing their tolerance for waiting. This leads to increased patient satisfaction and reduces the number of patients who decide to leave the ED without being seen by a physician. From a hospital point of view, predicting the waiting time allows hospital manager to be constantly informed regarding the volume of patients in the ED and, thus, supports them in prioritizing patients and managing efficiently the resources.

Securitization of intellectual property asset is an emerging financial service that has emerged in recent years in order to promote the transformation of high-tech, enhance the capability of independent innovation, reduce financing costs and diversify the risks of owners of intellectual property. In this paper we will discuss in detail the process of securitization of intellectual property and put forward some advice on a series of issues such as the risks arising from asset securitization. This paper mainly adopts the international comparison method for the research. As the earliest country of securitization of intellectual property, Britain has more successful cases and experiences for reference. This paper will provide a model for other countries by the analysis of the process of asset securitization in developed countries including Europe, the United States, etc. Based on the actual cases, we summarize the successful experience of asset securitization in developed countries and analyze the problems in the process of asset securitization in China, and make some constructive suggestions for risk control in this paper. This paper will provide reference comments for the problems arising from securitization of intellectual property and promote the development of securitization of intellectual property in China.

Based on the detailed analysis of the patented securitization of the American company of Royalty Pharma, this paper combs the risks existing in the financing of China’s intellectual property securitization and puts forward some suggestions to resolve the financing risks. In this paper, we propose an approach for Credit Risk+ model and analysis of the patented securitization of the American company of Royalty Pharma. This methodology puts in evidence China’s intellectual property securitization financing exists legal risk, transaction risk, credit risk, and so on. China should pay more attention to the establishment and improvement of the relevant legal system, actively explore China’s intellectual property securitization product structure. The outcomes can help to promote the stable operation of China’s intellectual property securitization.

This article explores how knowledge management (KM) can reach beyond organisational boundaries to help solve the ‘wicked’ problems facing society today (Jacobs and Cuganesan, 2014). According to the United Nations, “eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development”. However, KM mainly focuses on solving ‘tame’ organisational problems, rather than addressing “wicked” social problems (Horst and Webber, 1973). Arguably, KM was not designed to solve wicked problems. However, a rethinking of KM is needed to ensure that we do not continue to improve organisational performance that enriches companies at the expense maintaining a vicious circle of poverty for the workers, including children (Dumay et al., 2018). The paper is an essay based on evidence from the KM, IC, social and sustainability literature along with publicly-available data to demonstrate how KM can move from beyond organisational boundaries to address the wicked problems impacting them and the wider societal eco-system. The paper outlines why scholars and practitioners need to change the way they use KM in their organisations to address wicked problems through problem-driven research and how we need to reconceptualise KM as a technology for improving society. What appears to be missing from two decades of KM research is a voice critical of KM that has been present in IC since the early naughties. KM needs to be more like IC research. The essay demonstrates the need for knowledge managers to move beyond using KM science to improve organisations from the inside (Serenko and Dumay, 2015b). While it is still important to improve organisational efficiencies and manage the knowledge inside companies, it should not be at the expense of the most vulnerable members of society. By understanding the potential impacts that KM can have on improving society, and not just organisations, we can develop a renewed interest KM that can help address the ‘wicked’ problems facing society today. To do so, the paper introduces the concept of ‘collaborative organisational coalitions’ in place of ‘communities of practice’ as a way forward using problem-driven research.

The underlying study proposes to explore and analyze the capability of non-governmental organizations to sustain, thrive and remain resilient under calamitous conditions by developing strong social capital in terms of structural, cognitive and relational ties as well as systems thinking with regard to enterprise philosophy, while creating a sense of learning within the organization. It also examines how organizational learning, comprehending shared vision; commitment to learning; open-mindedness and knowledge sharing, emerges to strengthen NGOs’ resilience. The current empirical and cross-sectional analysis proposes to use descriptive and correlational approach while securing support from Sense Making Theory for development of resilience of non-profits. The impact of social capital and systems thinking on organizational resilience with mediating role of organizational learning have been tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The unit of analysis comprises of management level employees employed in non-governmental organizations in one of the developing nations of South Asia. The results reveal that NGOs manage to remain adaptive and resilient during uncertainties and strengthen communities due to robust social capital and enterprise thinking. Correspondingly, organizational learning dynamically mediates the influence of social capital and systems thinking on resilience of non-governmental organizations. The wisdom of systems thinking helps to embrace flexibility as a whole and enables members to organize overall systems of integrated organizational components, thus developing sense of unclear inputs to endorse this sense in systems to make them more ordered and adaptive to change. Social capital suggests to screen and prioritize different environmental stimuli on basis of personal needs and goals, so that NGOs are not overwhelmed by constantly changing circumstances. Organizational learning has been found crucial outcome that intensely develops resilience in non-profit sectors. The significant aspect of the study is to understand the notion of organizational resilience, emerged as an effective response that unifies procedures and supports non-profit organizations to become adaptive, flexible and sustainable systems. Community service establishments, contributing to 3.25% in Pakistan’s GDP, are responsible for reducing the vulnerability of communities from misfortunes. The input of NGOS is under-capacity, undeniably due to inadequacy of knowledge, resources and joint capabilities. During major disruptions, inter-organizational networks and integrated systems approach through enhanced learning within the deliberate structures in the light of Sense Making Theory are deemed as fundamental determinants of strengthening resilience of NGOs. Sustained levels of non-profits’ resilience make them more adaptive and capable of preventing societies and households from exposing to disasters. Organizational resilience as a more pronounced form of crises management, disaster recovery and sustainability is regarded more crucial and effective in making NGOs adaptive to unexpected situations. Developing robust physical, rational and relational bonds provide commendable support for NGOs to gain access to resources and information. Likewise, the philosophy of holism create synergy by compounding efforts of all system’s components. Serving as precursors for community organizations, help to improve knowledge creation, acquisition and sharing within and among the concerned actors. Ultimately becoming adaptive, flexible and sustainable, resilient NGOs provide strong protection to distressed households to thrive during uncertainties.

Social enterprise (SE) is a sustainable approach to organically reduce social problems and create social impacts using business mechanisms (Alter, 2007; Haugh, 2005). The adoption of this concept can contribute to ensuring the sustainable development of a country. SE operate in an ecosystem. The commonly studied ties of SE strength comprises of Managerial ties (Business & Political) and University-Research ties (Shu, Page, Gao, & Jiang, 2012). It is important to broaden the analysis and the understanding of knowledge sharing networks of SE beyond strength of ties, to include other important types of ties like Social ties. These ties strength contribute to the knowledge transfer process from external to internal via SE’s absorptive capacity. Focusing on these elements, this research investigates the influence of Social ties on a SE network and how do these ties strength of organizational networks affect the SEs’ absorptive capacity. We selected a qualitative research approach with the adoption of an embedded multiple case studies using a stratified purposeful sampling strategy (Yin, 2013). One of these selected case studies is based on an organization that has dual roles; the role of a SE and the role of an intermediary. Another selected case is a pure SE. Both are small size SE operating in the service industry. The unit of analysis is the organizational network. This study provides some evidences showing that Social ties play an important role on the SE’s absorptive capacity in a Thai SE context. The findings reflect certain novel degrees of contextual sensitivity which helps better understanding the implications of these additional ties in the local practice based on the conceptual theory. The outcomes of this research seek to facilitate the formulation of knowledge transfer and application strategies that enable the integration of knowledge to the community for effective policies making. Ultimately, such knowledge absorption can lead to improving the overall social impacts and sustainability of Thai SEs.

This paper attempts to further advance the understanding of big data value realization. In particular, this research aims to address the following leading research questions: What is big data’s potential in value-creation opportunities? What are the main challenges that organizations have to deal when they work with big data and design and implement their strategies? This paper draws on a review of the recent studies regarding how organizations realize value from big data and the challenges that they have to deal with. The study adds fresh pieces in the wide and evolving big data literature regarding the opportunities and the challenges connected with big data exploitation. The study provides useful insights for supporting big data value realization in practice and gives some warnings about the main challenges encountered by organisations in extracting value from big data.

This paper aims at identifying common patterns that technological startups follow during their Business Model Innovation (BMI) process, trying to understand which are the enabling conditions at strategic and operational level, as well as at individual, organizational level and environmental, which can be associated to the Intellectual Capital (IC) dimensions and that may activate, support and sustain the overall process. The research is carried out by using a semi-structured questionnaire submitted through a web survey to a sample of technological startups located in Italy. The main insights of the research lie in a framework presenting a set of possible trajectories that technological startups can follow to innovate their business model by leveraging the components of their IC. Besides, the analysis has also revealed a set of enabling conditions associated to each trajectory in order to support technological startups in the identification of the most promising trajectory according to their internal conditions.

The aim of this paper is to introduce and present the design and the main contents of an exploratory survey-based research with a focus on gathering first insights about how arts and cultural organizations are managing and innovating their business models in order to create and guarantee audience development, financial viability, effective resource and operations management, as well to enhance their value creation capacity as cultural agents in society.