Shorter product life cycles, greater demands from consumers for sustainable and eco-friendly products and services, and thus the need for constant market observation make today’s business environment a rather complex one, the one that is characterized not only by a number of opportunities but also by a number of risks. These risks are increasingly related to knowledge which, in turn, underlines the need for an updated approach to risk management, i.e. one that covers knowledge risks as well. Although the role of knowledge in organizational performance is generally acknowledged and has been explored vastly, the study of risks related to knowledge or knowledge risk management is still in its infancy. Indeed, we lack an in-depth understanding of how organizations perceive and manage the possible downsides of knowledge. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to empirically investigate knowledge risk management in organizations. An international sample of organizations is surveyed to understand how knowledge risks are managed, what knowledge risks are managed and what tools and methods are used to manage these knowledge risks. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no quantitative study on knowledge risk management in organizations has been conducted and published in academic journals. Moreover, it is the first complex study dealing with a large number of potential knowledge risks, previous studies have tended to deal with one or two knowledge risks only (e.g. knowledge hiding, knowledge loss or knowledge spillover). The results of the study provide insights into the risk management of knowledge as well as knowledge risks that are managed by organizations of different size and from different sectors. Additionally, an overview of methods used to manage knowledge risks is made available. Based on the findings, managers and company owners can develop actions in order to improve their approach to knowledge risk management.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an enlarged framework for defining and evaluating knowledge risk, by changing the paradigm of cognitive knowledge with that of the multifield theory of knowledge. So far, knowledge risk has been considered only from the perspective of explicit knowledge (i.e. rational knowledge) and tacit knowledge (i.e. experience). However, the concept of knowledge has been enriched with the multifield theory of knowledge which considers three fundamental forms of knowledge: rational, emotional, and spiritual. These three fields of knowledge imply a larger framework of defining and evaluating the knowledge risk. We propose a metaphorical approach in defining the knowledge spectrum and a critical thinking analysis in explaining the new dimensions of knowledge risk. The knowledge dynamics theory created by Ikujiro Nonaka is based on the iceberg metaphor, which considers only two forms of knowledge: explicit and tacit. Based on this metaphor, the knowledge risk framework has two dimensions: the explicit dimension used for the rational knowledge and the tacit dimension used for the experiential or know-how knowledge. The present paper introduces the energy metaphor for knowledge and defines the knowledge risk framework considering three dimensions: rational, emotional and spiritual. This methodology allows an enlarged and more realistic framework for the knowledge risk definition and evaluation. The energy metaphor allows for an entropic knowledge dynamics and better approach in the managerial decision-making in order to reduce the organizational knowledge risk. The outcomes of the application contributes to creating a sustainable knowledge management by developing new dynamic capabilities in evaluating the organizational knowledge risk and reducing its probable negative consequences. By using this approach mangers can realize a better balance of the organizational knowledge creation, acquisition and loss. Also, managers can design a better motivational system along the emotional dimension of the organizational knowledge, and improve the level of corporate social responsibility along the spiritual dimension of the organizational knowledge.

This article aims to propose a framework for analyzing critical knowledge related to organizational resilience capabilities. For this, the framework was verified through its application through a case study in a technology-based company. It is an applied research, of qualitative approach that uses the Design Science Research for its development, whose stages are: (I) problem identification and motivation; (II) definition of the objectives of the solution; (III) projection and development of the framework; (IV) framework demonstration; (V) framework evaluation; (VI) framework communication (Peffers et al., 2008). This paper presents the integration between two conceptual bases, knowledge management (Spender, 1996; Alavi & Leidner, 2001; Ermine, Boughzala & Tounkara, 2006) and organizational resilience (Hollnagel, 2010; Van der Vorm et al., 2011; Hollnagel & Woods, 2006; Rigaud et al., 2013), presenting a framework for analyzing and characterizing critical knowledge in the perceptive of organizational resilience. The framework presented in this work has been tested and applied in technology-based companies whose complex socio-technical context is characterized as environments of a dynamic and turbulent nature. By analyzing their knowledge-intensive processes, it was possible to infer analyzes based on criticality factors, such as technical content, importance, difficulty of acquisition and transference and scarcity, minimizing possible risks to knowledge and making them visible. In this way, the application of the framework enables the identification and analysis of critical knowledge in its value creation process, reducing the risks of losing essential competencies and avoiding the reinvention of know-how of its employees. These critical knowledge identification actions are strategic for the development of the organization and are supported by the analysis of their resilience capabilities and the respective critical knowledge associated with them. The perspective of this framework points out knowledge management strategies for greater capacity of action and adequate reaction to the risks related to knowledge in turbulent environments for the organizations of this study, and can be expanded to other contexts.

This paper aims to contribute in diffusing practice of training evaluation in banks with specific reference to anti-money laundering issue. We believe this tool can, in a mediated way, support banking personnel fighting against financial crimes, by providing them with specific skills, that would avoid exposure to knowledge waste, skills that training alone, in some cases, does not guarantee. To achieve this goal, we start interviewing a bank’s chairman, to determine if there are the conditions for a future application of evaluation models on anti-money laundering training. Semi-structured in-depth interview to a Board Chairman of an Italian bank is carried out. A thematic content analysis is applied to process data generated by interviewing the privileged observer. Information obtained allowed us to reflect on the possibility of applying an evaluation model to the anti-money laundering training program of the bank. In this work, a different point of view on Knowledge management is proposed, considering the possibility to investigate the effects that evaluation of anti- money laundering training could have on the exposure of banks to knowledge risks. We hope that the interview with the president of the Italian bank will follow a concrete experience of applying evaluation models on anti-money laundering training, and then spread the experience to other banks in other countries.

The study seeks to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge management on resilience and performance of emergent financial technology startups (Fintechs) in Lahore, Pakistan through the development of dynamic capabilities when confronted with environmental dynamism. Based on the tentative deductions derived from Dynamic Capability View (DCV) of emergent financial sector ventures, this paper employs Partial Least Square for Structured Equation Modeling in order to investigate these hypotheses. Sample in the intended cross-sectional study contains empirical analysis performed on primary data collected from knowledge workers employed in emergent financial technology startups. In reference to the current study’s context, the findings suggest that entrepreneurial positioning inclusive of pro-activeness, zeal, innovativeness, novelty and risk taking and knowledge management practices inclusive of storage and dissemination are considered to be a fundamental supporting entity for increasing resilience and performance of evolving startups in financial technology sector. Entrepreneurial orientation incurs a positive influence when these organizations develop their dynamic capabilities by reconfiguring, building and integrating competencies during the course of dynamism and uncertainty in the external business environment. Similarly knowledge management practices also have a positive impact on the developing dynamic capabilities of the organization. Implementation of effective knowledge management practices results in reconfiguring and advancing the companies’ dynamic competences under the conditions of dynamism and unexpected changes occurring in the external business environment. Consequently, fin-techs succeed to accomplish their goals of spirit, adaptive capacity i.e. increased resilience and escalated performance. This envisioned investigation accentuates the vital role of ground-breaking and innovative sense of direction as well as diffusion and loading critical knowledge for building irrepressible and tremendous performing firms that use digital platforms and financial technology models and partner with banks for providing digital financial services to the customers. These startups with time help ripen their dynamic capabilities by means of sensing the high velocity and brisk changes occurring in the environment such as globalization technological advancement and continuously changing customer demands, seizing unsurpassed opportunities and reconfiguring their internal processes in compliance to external transformations. Pioneering and inventive startups must understand the strength and significance of retaining dynamic capabilities by possessing unique and valuable resources in defiance of external threats and unforeseen event manifestations in order to establish adaptive response capacity and ensure high financial and market performance with regard to rising sales revenue, value-added profits, increased market share and higher customer satisfaction. Gaps and foremost challenges that derive this research undertaking are worth noticing and have important implications for increasing the performance and resilience these technology based financial service providers of Pakistan. This research undertaking with provide insight on the significant role of entrepreneurial spirit, knowledge management to make these organizations dynamically capable for achieving long terms reliance and sustained performance goals. Keywords – Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities, environmental dynamism, long term performance, organizational resilience, knowledge workers

The purpose of this study is to examine complexity within digital accounting processes through the use of knowledge management. During the last decades, digital technologies have fundamentally transformed business processes, implicating the prevalent need for complexity reduction in companies. As a result, the identification and measurement of relevant digital process complexity forms can be recognized as an effective strategy to improve on their process performance. Based on the data analysis, a framework was developed for practical application on business process models in order to analyse, identify and monitor digital accounting process complexity. A qualitative approach has been applied to explore employees’ process knowledge and complexity perception. Building on inductive research, this research used a single case study as research design. The case study which had been selected is the accounting department of the airport operator Fraport AG. Based on the nature of the problem, the case study research applied multiple sources of evidence, such as interviews for the primary data collection and archival records, especially process descriptions and documentations as secondary data. The framework will improve digital process complexity understanding and the effectiveness of complexity reduction strategies within digital administrative accounting processes. The study also provides fresh insights regarding the correlation between digital process complexity strategies and the evaluation framework. Thus, it bridges the gap between theoretical understanding and real-life practice of complexity in digital business processes. This research has not only practical implications for the single case company, but also for other companies within similar industries. The findings show how the theory can be applied in practical settings and how theory needs to be adapted in order to serve the practical needs. By bridging this gap between theory and practice, new knowledge is derived and enabled to be applied in practice. The framework is suitable for all accounting processes in the aviation industry and provides an effective tool for monitoring, improving and preventing complexity-based bottlenecks.

Conducting research with children, who have different abilities from adults, in terms of language understanding and level of attention, is a challenging task, especially concerning novel interactive systems such as social robots. Consequently, self-reporting methods are often replaced or supplemented by observational methods that are usually carried out taking advantage of video recordings. However, some limitations make this approach challenging for studies conducted with groups of children in real world environments, whose relevance is being addressed more and more frequently in HRI research. Thus, there is a growing need for rigorous observation approaches in unstructured test environments. This paper presents an alternative analysis approach, in relation to an experimental child-robot interaction application, which was developed at the Academy of Arts and Design, Tsinghua University, China. The proposed methodology has the aim of providing a framework to facilitate knowledge identification and structuring. It was implemented for experiment evaluation and validation purposes, as well as to propose a reference structure for the organization of new experiments and the stimulation of new ideas and activities in the design process. The methodological approach, which structures and uses cognitive maps to elaborate multicriteria evaluation models, is not new to the Operations Research field (where it is defined as a multimethodology application of Soft OR), but it has not yet been applied in the field of Human Robot Interaction studies, to analyze children’s perception of a robot and to identify the factors that can affect a good child-robot interaction, or to structure knowledge that can be shared to guide the design process of robots for the experience of children playing. This methodology provides a logical structure which can be used to identify the effectiveness or limits of design choices, pertaining to such aspects as the morphology or movement of robots, or the choice of their specific role in education, all of which play crucial roles in the design process and could be improved to achieve better results. This structured identification is a practical implication for the design process, above all when it is oriented toward social robots and their interaction with children or elderly senile people. In this case, the outcomes were the identification of important elements of an experiment (psychological profiles of the involved children and possible problems or risks) and their impact on the design process.

Our empirical study seek to identify the types of innovation capabilities required by firms to handle the digital transformation. The financial industry has already experienced the consequences of digitalization in addition to increased competition due to de-regulations. We have conducted a study of how the players in the mobile payment market are searching for dynamic capabilities. Digital transformation not only implies that implementing new technology, but changing the organization, as well as enhancing innovation capabilities. We apply theory from strategic management related to organizations’ resources and abilities to develop capabilities as an analytical lens. Data was collected through a qualitative research process from nine different players in to the mobile payment market. Our sample consists of market participants, collaborators and analysts, and industry observers. We gathered secondary information from the financial press, various market reports and publicly available sources. Our empirical findings contributes to our insight into how dynamic capabilities are created in the financial market for mobile payments. Developing dynamic capabilities involves the three processes of sensing, seizing and transforming- and we have utilized this framework to specify what developing dynamic capabilities means in the market for mobile payments. Management orientations and attitudes related to innovation are thus central to the development of innovation capabilities. The results from the study indicate that innovation capabilities are not identifiable structures themselves, but consist of a number of reinforcing internal practices and processes in the company. This interpretation implies that businesses can choose different strategic approaches to innovation, depending on the capabilities they hold, what resources they have at their disposal and the industry challenges they face. The study shows that dynamic capabilities are related to the ability to acquire sufficient information about new practice, transforming it into relevant knowledge, and incorporating it into the organization. This will be a dynamic process that can be systematized and elaborated throughout the organization. We can conclude that the search for dynamic capabilities require the organization to be open for new development ideas, create relationships with partners and are aware of the challenge of both competing and cooperating at the same time to be prepared for digital transformation.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the behaviour of the ‘shallow knowledge-generation’ toward educational games. The aim is to single out those gamification solutions which enable the ‘Digital Natives’ (DN) generation to enter into a flow state while learning and to observe how the structure of the games affect their viability. By understanding the different mindset patterns of DNs, we will be able to observe how different DNs can be facilitated to reach the state of flow by enjoying the games, rather than getting bored, getting anxious or becoming dependent. In this paper, we select gamification solutions that will help Digital Natives to attain a state of flow while studying with the help of Knowledge Based Systems and Artificial Intelligence. We believe that the mindset elements that are indicators of suitable gamification solutions can be traced in a simplified way with ‘if, then’ rules. In the era of the ‘shallow generation’, Digital Natives are trained as if they would need the same tools as the Digital Immigrants and their ancestors. Instead, we present the idea of facilitating the ‘shallowness’ as a starting point, because this generation knows a little about everything, and this is not necessarily a bad thing – if we arouse their attention, they can deepen their knowledge easily, because knowledge is just ‘a click away’. This generation of Digital Natives does not need to be specialized in a strict way but rather become despecialized with the ability to search for knowledge efficiently and thus to become competitive. Furthermore, this model will be unique as it will examine both the DI’s (creators of the game) and the DN’s (players) sides. The content will be provided by Digital Immigrants, so that DNs acquire the same knowledge as they would learn from traditional textbooks, but through these games. Furthermore, the games will be made by Digital Natives, because they understand how to gain shallow knowledge in a fast and exciting way – to raise the interest of their fellow DNs, and encourage and direct their further search for knowledge. AI will surely eliminate jobs, but it will also create new ones: we need to prepare for transition from specialization to despecialization. We should deliberately support the cognitive capacity of shallow knowledge which can be deepened when necessary.

Since the definition of the concept “firm’s absorptive capacity” (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990) several scholars have focused on understanding how firms, regions and countries could make it easier to decode and seize information coming from different sources in an economically efficient manner. However, the development of absorptive capacity requires more than a mere exposition to, and familiarization with, the relevant prior knowledge. In fact, learning crucially depends on the intensity of the effort, has a cumulative pattern, and (learning) performance is greatest when the object of learning is related to what is already known (Caragliu, and Nijkamp, 2012). Despite the (absorptive capacity) concept were initially designed in the context of firm theory, it was argued that it can be extended to other kind of institutions, such as countries and regions. In this context, it is argued that technical, formalized knowledge does not capture the entire set of norms, uses and attitudes that also constitute a society’s knowledge. Thus, a proper definition of regional knowledge and regional absorptive capacity should include all types of knowledge, including not only the technical one, but also a society’s attitude towards learning. The concept of cognitive capital was identified as capable of encompassing all these aspects (characterizing regional knowledge), thus properly measuring a region’s absorptive capacity. Henry (2004) defined cognitive capital as the set of cognitive dispositions of agents towards socio-economic interactions. Basing on these premises, the aim of the present review is to resume various theoretical and empirical evidences emerged in the past, in order to highlight the main issues addressed in previous study and to propose promising avenues for future research on the topic. This review is one of the few studies attempting to resume various theoretical and empirical evidences emerged in the growing debate on the topic investigated. The review evinced how regional absorptive capacity depends on the region’s endowment with cognitive capital, defined as a set of all local, spatially bounded characteristics that determine a region’s capability to grow (Caragliu, and Nijkamp, 2012). The review also propose that a region’s inadequate endowment of cognitive capital may cause locally produced knowledge to spill over to adjacent competing regions. The main implications deriving from this review are indications for policymakers at the local/regional/country level. Policymakers and governors can reflect on the emerged suggestions in order to enhance the regional absorptive capacity of their specific territories.

The main aim of the current research investigates appropriate colors which inspired from traditional window in Iranian architecture, to control direct sunlight for meeting visual comfort criteria in terms of climatic and luminance based metrics. Furthermore, which combination of them would be more effective for optimizing visual comfort in terms of daylight glare probability? This research reintroduces the main application of colorful glass as a light controller in the window that considerably affects climatic-luminance based metrics containing daylight autonomy (DA), useful daylight illuminance (UDI), Overlit UDI and daylight glare probability (DGP). Based on scope and objectives of the research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods are applied. Accordingly, different traditional case studies are considered by literature review to discover suitable colors to control daylight by means of comparative assessments. Furthermore, daylight parametric simulation, based on climatic-luminance metrics such as DA, UDI and DGP are applied to prepare data for considering colorful glass daylight performance from new perspective in terms of visual comfort aspects. Specifically, Rhino, Grasshopper and Diva as simulating and analyzing software are used for evaluation level. This methodology puts in evidence both qualitative and quantitative research methods to detect optimal solutions. Indeed, exploring appropriate colors by Iranian traditional case study review leads to create initial selections of suitable colors regard to visual comfort criteria. In the next step, numerical parametric simulation investigates daylight performance of colored glass from new perspective with the aim to distinguish new approaches to control daylight. The research ambition is to draw attention of research institutes and facade industry organizations to support research development for renovating passive strategies idea. In the other words, this research has potential to reintroduce Iranian traditional architectural principles as passive design strategies and reform them to be applied in the building industry. And also encourages practitioners to apply more passive strategies in order to use on-site renewable energy such as daylight. Through the publications and participation in international refereed conferences, the applicants foresee a much broader implementation of the research results.

This paper has the purpose to perform an exploratory study aimed at determining the degree of ambidexterity in Spain-based subsidiaries. Three research questions are formulated: (1) Are Spain-based subsidiaries knowledge explorers? (2) According to intra-corporate knowledge flows, which role do they play inside the multinational? (3) Can they be considered ambidextrous organisations? We proposed a quantitative approach. The population consisted of 1,291 Spanish subsidiaries of foreign multinational firms located in high- technology and knowledge-intensive sectors. A questionnaire sent to the CEO or the subsidiary’s top manager was used to collect information. Most of the variables were measured through a multi-item scale and were extracted and adapted from previous research. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that subsidiaries of multinationals are analysed from the perspective of ambidextrous organisations. Several contributions are made. From a theoretical point of view, the theories of the multinational firm and organisational ambidexterity are linked, highlighting how important dynamic capabilities are when it comes to subsidiary ambidexterity. From an empirical point of view, this paper stresses the fact that a subsidiary’s ambidexterity level is closely linked to the role that it assumes inside the multinational, as well as with the international competitive strategy undertaken. Findings show that Spanish subsidiaries of foreign multinationals are highly knowledge-exploring ones, since a large proportion of them identify with actions oriented towards the development and/or acquisition of capabilities in R&D, production or marketing. With regard to the roles played, 45% of subsidiaries have the role of integrated player, which stresses the high intra-corporate knowledge flows made in both directions and highlights its strongly ambidextrous nature. 10% of subsidiaries adopt the role of global innovator; 25% of them are implementers, and 20% have the role of local innovator.

The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of social innovation about its processes, in order to identify / define whether a project is a social innovation or not. The research is carried out with the literature review, interviews with managers of social innovation centres / projects in the city of Bilbao, exploration of social innovation centres / projects through their web pages, the development of a focus group and the application Delphi technique with the help of specialists in social innovation issues. The results that have been reached and which are presented in this document are: the literature review which addresses a broad topic of social innovation (definitions, actors, key elements, processes, centres and examples); as a result of the interviews with the social innovation centres / projects, a list is made of the elements that characterize the social innovations, in addition to the literature and the exploration of the centres through the web pages; the result of the focus group is the final list of the elements that characterize the social innovations, which serve as an input for the development of the Delphi technique; and as a result of the application of this, we have the construction of the Framework that characterizes the social innovations on its processes, this Framework contains twenty characteristics, the same ones that are obligatory, relevant, irrelevant and irrelevant depending on the stage of the process. The concept of social innovation emerges in an extremely complex scenario: over-exploitation and depletion of some natural resources, climate change, technological revolution, growing demands and social aspirations. All this, in societies in which economic inequality increases. The diversity of conceptions is, in part, a reflection that social innovation is a dynamic field that is found in the definition and construction of a consolidated body of knowledge. Finally, the consistency of the Framework is validated in five social innovation centres, obtaining a favourable validation for its application.

The framework developed in this paper provides guidance to SMEs to sense and seize digitally enabled growth opportunities as well as start a project based learning process to transform the organization in order to remain competitive in turbulent environments. The proposed framework is nurtured from a dynamic capabilities approach as well as from digital transformation studies and mitigates shortcomings of existing frameworks on IT-enabled business transformation. There are few frameworks regarding digital transformation developed until now, which lack a sound theoretical foundation and are less suited to the needs of SMEs. Therefore, the originality of this paper is to propose a framework that could allow SMEs to assess their digital maturity level, and the capabilities associated to each level, that are necessary for promoting a digital enabled growth. The developed framework can be useful for owners and managers of SMEs as a self-assessment of digital maturity as a baseline to assess current position and start coordinated initiatives for digital enabled growth.

The effective management and re-use of data or knowledge in the early product development phases ensures a competitive advantage. It supports the early identification of high potential technologies and trends and is therefore indispensable for a successful technology leadership. This work shows the results of the Design4Energy project and deals with the interoperability in early phases of product development to challenge the barriers of accessing and adapting novel technologies. Until now, technology databases were a means for communicating knowledge about technical innovations within companies or to industrial target-groups. This work analyses the design of technology databases with a processual integration into research and development. It is a concept for companies to collaboratively and effectively develop and adapt innovative technologies. An interdisciplinary, inter-divisional project team including ICT managers, HVAC engineers, energy experts, economic experts, architects, technology managers, and general constructors were involved in the system development. Based on the requirements of the relevant stakeholders, the project developed an architectural concept and use cases to integrate the system in the lifecycle phases of the building creation process. The stakeholders both iteratively and finally evaluated the system in industrial applications. Literature gives only little guidance on the methodology of building such databases, especially regarding the process integration and IT architecture. This work reveals that the system supports the collaboration between professionals in the design stage. Along the development and implementation of the system, the main success factors for technology databases result in four design principles: effective and efficient design, basic functionalities supporting technology adaption, interoperability, and integration into the processes and organization. These factors ensure applicability and data consistency of a company’s information management and increases the decision reliability in its technology management. The results of this work provide guidelines for the architectural, structural and methodological design of technology databases. Transparent design requirements based on real case learnings are of major benefit for industrial companies and research. This work lists requirements to build mature processes around the technology database in terms of applicability and data consistency of a company’s information management. Eventually, it increases the decision reliability in technology management and implies the success factors for a living database.

To support team and project work, internet-based collaborative applications are increasingly being used. They enable employees located within and outside of the organisation to communicate, share knowledge/data, and organise joint projects. These knowledge-based drivers of collaboration between team members can improve mastering dynamic and complex situations – key for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in today’s turbulent business environments. Supporting collaboration by providing technical (software, hardware) and structural (methods, strategy) resources confronts organisations with management and work design challenges. We explain the role of an integrated work design concept that enables SMEs to implement and manage the application of collaborative software. This concept combines measures of human resource management and work design practices with a socio-technical perspective. We conducted a thorough analysis of the status of today’s use of collaboration software in SMEs. Drawing from our survey of 101 SMEs in Germany and empirical insights from qualitative interviews with experts from three SMEs in different industries, we describe the measures and activities companies have put into practice in order to support collaboration of and between their teams. A socio- technical work design concept is then presented. To date, there are very few published empirical findings about the experience of SMEs using digital transformation, particularly their deployment of collaboration software. We outline the socio-technical system design approach available for practitioners attempting to design collaborative work in SMEs using internet-based collaboration tools. This gives practitioners in SMEs a helpful, clear orientation on how to combine the design of information systems and work systems with human resource management and organisational development practices. This study provides valuable information to managers and practitioners in IT and work design of SMEs, helping them to execute a more effective implementation and application of collaborative software possible. The design model describes twelve design dimensions on three levels that can be used by practitioners to transform their organisations to a new way of collaborating, sharing knowledge and supporting team and project work in SMEs.

To find tools and methods to research how value creation can be done using smart data and what kind o business models shall be used for implementation these new models into digital business. We propose an approach to analyse the current situation with using intellectual capital in digital innovation companies. This methodology puts in evidence several examples of successful profiting from using of intellectual capital in the frame of current digital economics. The business models of pre-digital companies, based on promoting products, have also evolved. Their offer has gradually shifted towards services, to such an extent that what they are selling is not so much the product as the functions it serves. Value creation in digital innovation companies can be viewed as a system of three interacting components. First, the domain choice, selecting where to compete. Second, the resource base in terms of individual and collective knowledge. These two components provide input in terms of the demand of customers and the capabilities in the resource base of the company, to the third component: the product or service delivery process (PSDP). The content of the PSDPs can vary according to the needs of the customer. The outcomes of the application can be used in business environment for the new innovative companies working in digital business (IT- technologies, Big Data applications etc)

The purpose of the paper is to present research designs that are suitable for investigating organisational forgetting. The overall and long-term objective is to encourage researchers to use non-experimental, quasi-experimental and experimental designs as well as computer simulations to test the idea of the benefits of forgetting for adaptation and change with high construct, internal and external validity. We review the state of the art in management and organisational research and show options in how to use non-experimental, quasi- experimental and experimental designs for testing causes and effects of organisational forgetting by giving concrete examples. We emphasise experimental designs because they are declared the gold standard in management research. In that respect, we introduce the distinction between special-purpose and non-special-purpose settings. In particular, “learning factories” as a prototype of a special-purpose setting will be described, in which internal and external validity can be increased simultaneously. Learning factories have emerged in the last 5 years to test new ways of manufacturing, for example, cyber-physical production systems and human–robot interaction “live”, and to mirror a real production setting with a high physical and psychological fidelity. We suggest using learning factories as special-purpose settings to observe and investigate processes of organisational forgetting, e.g. for investigating the impact of forgetting routines, as routines are declared an important storage bin as part of the organisational memory. We show how a learning factory can be used as an experimental “theatre” for investigating the impact of eliminating retrieval cues that impede forgetting of a routine that has become invalid and been replaced by a new routine in order to adapt to a changing organisational environment. This example can be used as a model by which to design experimental procedures to put organisational forgetting to an empirical test on a group level, and implies the advantage of making temporal aspects of forgetting visible.

The paper gives insights into methodological approaches towards the long- term artistic project “Sites for Unlearning” through which processes of unlearning are tested against the backdrop of institutional structures. It responds to the research question how to approach processes of unlearning institutional habits and what is art’s stake in this. Moreover, the elaborations attempt to complicate a currently popular currency of “unlearning” in the arts as well as in organizational contexts as it explores the connecting tissue between “unlearning,” “learning,” and “lifelong learning”– three concepts that are explored in their relationship with organizational un/learning, knowledge economies, and decolonial trajectories. We propose an a decolonial, feminist, artistic approach in order to discuss “unlearning institutional habits” by means of the long-term project Sites for Unlearning. This approach includes an elaboration of the term “site” that is derived from the term situation (legacy of (artistic) situationist practices) and being situated (derived from the feminist approach of “situated knowledges” theorized by feminist philosopher of science Donna Haraway). This methodology puts in evidence that there are two major areas of concern for those who desire a paradigm shift in contemporary life increasingly defined by economic, socio-political and ecological pressures: institution on the one hand and learning on the other. The artistic project Sites for Unlearning attempts to challenge both. It builds on the insights and energies developed in and around the studies on unlearning that are shaped by alternative education and feminist and decolonial theory connected to organizational learning, knowledge management and theories of change (Andreotti 2011, Spivak 1993, Mignolo/Tlostanova 2012). Furthermore, it introduces arts-based research into the debates on what unlearning might do and be in an organizational context. The outcomes of the application consist of a reference guide and documentation of the conditions, modalities, methodologies and implications of a multi-year collaboration between the team at Casco and artist Annette Krauss engaging with processes of organizational unlearning with regards to specific institutional habits.

Unlearning of old and learning of new behaviour leads to cognitive dissonance when there are inconsistencies between the new behaviour and actors’ established underlying attitudes and assumptions. Cognitive dissonance can lead to resistance to change and actors hold on to old behaviour. In this conceptual paper, we fold research on unlearning with literature on role theory. We propose that unlearning of old and learning of new knowledge in the context of routines can be enabled when actors engage in “role transition”. This paper suggests that role transition can be applied as an intervention during unlearning and learning. Role transition can enable unlearning and learning processes in organizations. We develop propositions and suggest practical implications.